ABSTRACTLaboratory study was conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of Prochloraz using soil column.Prochloraz is an imidazole fungicide that is widely used in agriculture against various plant diseases and also used to control thefoliar diseases of cereals. Two soils with different organic carbon content and clay content were used. The Study discusses themobility and adsorption of prochloraz in two different soils. The soils used were sandy loam and clay loam soil. The size of thesoil columns used are 35 cm length x 6.9 cm id. All the columns are sealed and created  0.3 cm i.d holes at the bottom, for thecollection of leachates. Prochloraz was sprayed on the surface of the soil column. The applied dosages are prochloraz @1L/ha,2 L/ha, 4L/ha. Collected the leachates from the columns every day after applying 60 mm of rainfall for a period of fifteendays. There after soil columns were cut in to cross sectional and analyzed for the residues of prochloraz at five cm difference indepth. A high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector was used for the quantification of residues. Limit ofQuantification for prochloraz was established as 0.001μg/ml. The recovery study conducted for prochloraz at two differentconcentrations (LOQ and 10 × LOQ) showed mean recovery of 92.7%, 95.9% in water, 91.8%, 93.3% in Sandy loam soil and89.9%, 91.0% in clay loam soil. Analysis of leachates collected from sandy loam soil columns showed the residues ofprochloraz 0.002 – 0.08 μg/mL. Leachates collected from clay loam soil columns showed the residues of prochloraz0.002 to 0.05 μg/mL. Analysis of sandy loam soil samples showed the residues of prochloraz 0.01 to 0.38 μg/g and clay loamsoil samples showed 0.008-0.58 μg/g.Keywords: Prochloraz, mobility, Soil column, Leaching, organic carbon.

ABSTRACTClinical study involves research using human volunteers that is intended to add to medical knowledge. In clinical trial,participants receive specific interventions according to the research plan or protocol created by the investigators. Clinical trialsused in the drug development process, is described as four Phases. The present article briefly discusses the fundamentals ofClinical Research with reference to each Phase, Ethical guidelines, Consent form and its scope in India.Keywords: Clinical trials, human ethics, Drug discovery, Consent form.

ABSTRACT A new, simple, safe, accurate and reproducible spectrophotometric analytical method was developed for the quantitative estimation of piroxicam in solid dosage form by mixed hydrotropic agents. The enhancement of solubility of piroxicam was more than 19 fold in mixed hydrotropic solution (20% N,N dimethyl urea and 20% sodium citrate solution) as compared to solubility in distilled water. Therefore, it was thought worthwhile to solubilize this poorly water soluble drug from fine powder of its tablets by this novel mixed hydrotropic solubilization technique and then carry out its spectrophotometric estimation at 254 nm (20% N,N dimethyl urea and 20% sodium citrate being non-interfering in the estimation). The results of the analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies & its follows Beer’s law in concentration range of 6-30 mcg/ml. The percent label claims and percent recoveries estimated were close to 100 with low values of standard deviation, percent coefficient of variation and standard error. Thus the statistical data proved the accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the proposed method providing additional advantage of being cost effective and environment friendly. The mixed hydrotropic agents used did not interfere in the analysis. Keywords: Mixed hydrotropy, Piroxicam, Solubilization, N, N Dimethyl Urea, Sodium Citrate.

ABSTRACTThe antidiarrhoeal activity with fruit extracts of Momordica cymbalaria was evaluated on castor oil-induceddiarrhea and gastrointestinal movement in rats (charcoal meal). A significant antidiarrhoeal effect of the tested plant extractsagainst castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats was achieved. The tested plant extracts decreased the gastrointestinal movement asindicated by the significantly (p<0.05 to 0.001) decreased distance travelled by the charcoal meal. The large dose of the testedplant extracts was slightly more effective than the small one. It can be deduced that the extract may act through inhibition ofprostaglandin and reduction in propulsive movement of small intestinal tract. Antidiarrhoeal activity recorded with the twoextracts can be accounted with difference in phytoconstituents. Presence of sterols and flavonoids only in alcoholic extract canbe considered for the better antidiarrhoeal activity.Keywords: Antidiarrhoeal activity, Momordica cymbalaria, Flavonoids, Prostaglandins.

Aim to study two unusual separate biceps brachii muscle. 100 upper limbs of 50 donated embalmed cadavers (45males & 5 females) of age group ranging from 70 to 80 years were dissected in the department of Anatomy at K. J. SomaiyaMedical College, Sion, Mumbai, INDIA. The two unusual separate biceps brachii muscle supplied by the Median nerve wereobserved in 2 specimens. The vascular pattern in the arm was also observed. The photographs of the variation of the formationof median nerve were taken for proper documentation. The unusual separate short and long heads of the biceps brachii wereobserved in 2 specimens. The short head originated from the tip of the coracoid process of the scapula. The long headoriginated from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The short head of the biceps brachii muscle got inserted into theradial tuberosity of the radius separately. The long head got inserted into the radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis. Thebrachial artery and the median nerve ran in between the two heads throughout their course in the arm up to the cubital fossa.The musculocutaneous nerve was absent and all the muscles of the front of the arm were supplied by the median nerve. Therewas no associated arterial variation seen in the specimen. Topographical anatomy and variations of the bicephs brachii muscleis clainically important for surgeons, orthopaedicians, radiologists and anaesthetists performing pain management therapies.

ABSTRACTAdherence behaviour to medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently suboptimal.Parents have several beliefs and experiences about ADHD medication and they going to make their decisions based on thatbackground. This study aims to investigate qualitatively the parental experiences regarding using medication of ADHD for theirchildren with ADHD. A qualitative approach was chosen to gain an in-depth insight into the experiences and beliefs. Theinvestigations approached more than 60 parents during their follow-up. And the final sample included 44 parents. Parentsgenerally were reluctant to medicate their children. Some parents revealed positive experiences about ADHD's medication,mainly when that medication associated with positive performance at their schools. Parents described their hesitancy tocontinue the medication as a result of having uncertain assessments, side-effects of that medication and stigma. It was rare tohear from parents that behavioural or educational intervention could be used to manage ADHD, mainly when they decide todiscontinue medication. There is a need to develop intervention program that educate, encourage, and support parents infollowing behaviour and pharmacological recommendations.Keywords: Adherence behavior, Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, ADHD, Medication, Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACT A new series of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles (2a-j) were prepared by reacting methyl paraben hydrazide(1) with substituted aromatic acids in presence of phosphorous oxychloride. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of 1H-NMR, IR and Mass spectral data. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their In-Vitro growth inhibitory activity against several microbes like E.coli, S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, B.subtilis and fungi like A.fumigatus and A.flavus. Keywords: 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles, Methyl paraben, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity.

ABSTRACTAgomelatine, a melatonergic analogue drug, which potently activates human melatonin 1 (MT1) and MT2 receptors andselectively antagonizes the action of serotonin at 5HT2c receptor, was recently approved for the treatment of major depression.In the present work, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to check the efficacy of agomelatine intreatment of anxiety disorder, prompting its therapeutic potential in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Theeffect of acute and chronic administration of agomelatine on the marble-burying behavior (MBB) of mice, which is reported tobe an index of anticompulsive behavior, was performed. In addition, to rule out the role of enhanced serotonerigicneurotransmission, studies were carried out in p-chlorophenylamine (PCPA). Results indicated a potent and dose dependentinfluence of agomelatine on MBB of mice, which was maintained after its chronic administration. However, the higher doses(40 and 50 mg/kg) were found to be locomotor depressant. Treatment with PCPA was not able to inhibit the effect ofagomelatine on marble-burying behavior. In conclusion, agomelatine administration reduces the MBB in mice, which should beexplored for its potential use in the treatment of OCD.Keywords: Agomelatine, Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Marble-burying behavior (MBB), Melatonin.

ABSTRACT Cassia occidentalis is widely distributed and very commonly used plant. Itcontained many chemical groups included alkaloids, anthocyanosides, phenolics, proteins, phlobatannins, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, anthroquinone, saponins, terpenes, resins, balsams, amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars and cardiac glycosides. Cassia occidentalis exerted many pharmacological effects included antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antioxidant, antianxiety, antidepressant, antimutogenic antidiabetic, wound healing, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, sun protective, smooth muscles relaxation, immune-modulating, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and other effects. The present review will highlight the chemical constituents and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Cassia occidentalis. Keywords: Cassia occidentalis, Chemical constituents, Pharmacology.

ABSTRACT Herbal plants provide a rich source for health care to prevent and treat different pathological states. Calendula officinalis is an aromatic, erect, annual herb belong to the family asteraceae, it contained a wide range of chemical constituents including saponins, tritrpenes, triterpendiol esters, flavonoids, steroids, tannin, quinines, coumarins, carotenoids, amino acids, polysaccharides, essential and volatile oils and many other chemical groups. Calendula officinalis exerted many therapeutic effects including antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective , gastroprotective, wound healing and many other effects. The present review will highlight the chemical constituents and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Calendula officinalis. Keywords: Calendula officinalis, Pharmacology, Constituents, Review.

ABSTRACT A new series of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles (2a-j) were prepared by reacting methyl parabenhydrazide(1) with substituted aromatic acids in presence of phosphorous oxychloride. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of 1H-NMR, IR and Mass spectral data. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their In-Vitro growth inhibitory activity against several microbes like E.coli, S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, B.subtilis and fungi like A.fumigatus and A.flavus. Keywords: 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles, Methyl paraben, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity.

The present study aim to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil against food poisoning mold.Results showed that essential oils could inhibit the growth of mold and the thyme oil showed the strongest inhibition at lowestconcentration respectively. Our results concluded that essential oil of thyme and its phenolic components could be used againstfungi growing on packed food as an effective alternative to chemical fungicide.

ABSTRACT Ardhavbhedaka is mentioned as one among 11types of sirorogas by AacharyaSushruta. But Aacharya Vaghbhata described it as a bheda of Vataja Siroroga. In Ayurveda “Ardhavbhedaka” is described as a separate clinic entity in the classics of Charaka and Sushruta while Vaghbhata included this condition in the classification of Vataja-Siroroga. It is described as a sadhya (type) of Siroroga. It is characterized by severe tearing and pricking pain in the half portion of head with giddiness suddenly after a fortnight or ten days. This disease occurs due to vitiation of three doshas as a result of various faulty life styles. The way we eat, perform exercise, take rest, sleep, think, plan carry out, our routine work and behave with others etc. all are included in life styles. Like intake of ruksha food, alcohol, suppression of natural urge, day time sleeping, anxiety, fear and grief etc. The main principle of Ayurveda treatment is equilibrium of Tridoshas. Pathya Aahara Viharais considered as the premier cause to maintain homeostasis of all doshas and prevention of disease. Panchkarma is a shodhan treatment in Ayurveda which helps in eliminating toxins from the body. It includes five basic processes. Nasya karma is one of them. It is the administration of medicated oil, ghee, juices and powder into nostrils for elimination of doshas and toxins. It is best for all doshas situated in head and neck region. Vaghbhata has stated that Nostrils are the easiest and closest openings for conveying the potency of medicine into the cranial cavity. Keywords: Ardhavbhedaka, Migraine, Nasya karma, Panchkarma, life style, Pathya Aahara Vihara.

ABSTRACT Most of the industrial processes are carried out at high temperature and at high pH and need enzyme having high thermo and pH stability. These extremophilic conditions are found in alkaline water bodies like sea or alkaline lakes such as Lonar Lake. The present study deals with isolation, production and dynamics of amylase from bacterial strain isolated from the alkaline Lonar Lake. Isolation of bacteria was done by using Horikoshi medium and screened for production and partial characterizations of amylase. A total of six bacterial cultures were isolated and one isolates was selected for further studies. Isolate was characterized by cultural, morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed Bacillus flexus (DHT13). Amylase from Bacillus flexus having optimum temperature 60ï‚°C, optimum pH 10, optimum enzyme concentration, optimum substrate concentration and finds potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and detergent industries. Keywords: Lonar Lake amylase, Haloalkaliphiles, Bacillus.

ABSTRACT Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Swartz) is a medicinal plant which is well reputed for the treatment of various infectious diseases and skin disorders. This study was designed to investigate the effect of various extracts of different parts of C. pulcherrima against multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity was determined using microbroth dilution method in a 96 well plates. MDR isolates (five Gram negative and one Gram positive) were tested for their susceptibility to methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of almost all parts of C. pulcherrima. Moreover, all the extracts have also been evaluated against S. aureusATCC 14028 and E. coli ATCC 8739. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of plant extracts against MDR isolates tested were in the range of 1.0 to > 5.0 mg/mL. Extracts of pods, seeds, pod rinds and flowers showed significant antibacterial activity (MIC 1.0 - 3.5 mg/mL) as compared to extracts of other parts of the plant. The results highlight for the first time the antimicrobial properties of extracts of different parts of C. pulcherrima against MDR pathogens. Since pods, rinds, seeds and flowers of C. pulcherrima showed promising activity, they may be used as a potential source for developing more effective new antibacterial agents. Keywords: All parts, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial activity, Medicinal plant, MIC, Resistance.