ABSTRACT Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first pass metabolism processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Fast dissolving drug delivery is rapidly gaining acceptance as an important new drug delivery technology, which aim to enhance safety and efficacy of a drug molecule to achieve better patient compliance. The films are designed to dissolve upon contact with a wet surface, such as the tongue, within a few seconds, meaning the consumer can take the product without need for additional liquid. This convenience provides both a marketing advantage and increased patient compliance. As the drug is directly absorbed into systemic circulation, degradation in gastrointestinal tract and first pass effect can be avoided. These points make this formulation most popular and acceptable among pediatric and geriatric patients and patients with fear of choking. Overthecounter films for pain management and motion sickness are commercialized in the US markets. Many companies are utilizing transdermal drug delivery technology to develop thin film formats. Fast dissolving oral films are useful in patients such as paediatric, geriatric, bedridden or developmentally disabled who face difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets or capsules and liquid orals or syrups leading to ineffective therapy. The delivery system consists of a very thin oral strip, which is simply placed on the patient’s tongue or any oral mucosal tissue, instantly wet by saliva the film rapidly hydrates and adheres onto the site of application. Keywords: Paediatric, Bioavailability, Geriatric

An angiotensin II receptor blocker, telmisartan, has a higher affinity for AT1 receptors and it’s recognized as partial agonist of the nuclear hormone receptor PPAR-gamma. The present study was conducted to study the influence of telmisartan in hypertensive patients with pre-diabetes. It is a prospective and randomised study done on 150 hypertensive patients with impaired fasting glycaemia. All the patients underwent following investigations like Fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure and body mass index were also measured. Fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure (Systolic and Diastolic) showed significant decrease after intake of 40 mg Telmisartan for three months. Changes in BMI are not significant. It concludes that the telmisartan is effective in controlling blood-pressure by its AT1 receptor blocking activity. It is also effective in decreasing fasting blood glucose by its insulin sensitizing activity through partial peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma activity. Keywords: Telmisartan, Hypertensive, Pre-diabetes, PPAR gamma activity.

Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which arebiodegradable in nature and ideally having a particle size less than 200 μm. A well designed controlled drug delivery systemcan overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a given drug. There arevarious approaches in delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site in a sustained controlled release fashion. One suchapproach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs. It is the reliable means to deliver the drug to the target site withspecificity, if modified, and to maintain the desired concentration at the site of interest without untoward effects. Microspheresreceived much attention not only for prolonged release, but also for targeting of anticancer drugs to the tumour. In future bycombining various other strategies, microspheres will find the central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in diseased cellsorting, diagnostics, gene & genetic materials, safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery and supplements as miniatureversions of diseased organ and tissues in the body.Keywords: Microspheres, Target Site, Specificity, Novel Drug Delivery, Controlled Release.

Over the years, advancement made in the field of scientific research has opened up new horizons in understanding theintricate aspects involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory human diseases including periodontitis. In recent times,there has been an increasing interest evinced in the areas relating to the impact of oral infection models have emerged as usefultools to study the hypothesis that infection isa cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Periodontal infections are a leadingculprit, with studies reporting associations between periodontal disease and CVD. The results, however, have varied, and itoften is unclear what conclusions canbe drawn from these data health especially periodontal infection on the cardiovascularsystem.Keywords: Inflammation, Periodentities, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Epidemiology.

Vitiligo is an acquired disorder of depigmentation affecting 0.1%-2% of the world’s population without discrimination of race, age and gender. Vitiligo is a skin disorder in which white patches occurs on the skin may be in the form of lesions or on the whole body. These white patches occur due to destruction of colour producing cells melanocytes. Etiology is unknown and the several pathogenetic hypotheses do not account for the entire spectrum of the disease. Although no full therapeutic solution for Vitiligo is available, many options may lead to acceptable results in most patients. While not life threatening, the disorder is associated with serious psychological trauma. Currently no known cure is available and the precise etiology is unknown. There are many treatment options available for the disease. Standardized guidelines for treating this disease in Asian skin are not readily available which leads to no set criteria for treating this cosmetically disfiguring problem. Different drugs like methoxsalen, trioxsalen and psoralen are available for the treatment of vitiligo in oral capsule form or topical cream or lotion form. Psoralen with light therapy is also given which is also known as PUVA therapy. Treatment of vitiligo always poses a problem as the patient compliance is less. Keywords: Vitiligo pathogenesis, Melanocytes, PUVA, Auto immune response, Treatment of vitiligo.

Drug delivery via the buccal mucosa offers a novel route of drug administration. The route has been tried for systemicdelivery of a number of drug candidates since it overcome first pass metabolism, gastrointestinal irritation and bioavailabilityand also for local delivery of drugs. Valsartan is an antihypertensive agent used to treat the high blood pressure and heartfailure. It has half-life 5-9 h. The drug is incompletely absorbing about 23% but most of the absorbed drug reaches to thesystemic circulation. Therefore it was planned in this investigation to develop sustain released mucoadhesive buccal tabletscontaining antihypertensive agent, valsartan to release unidirectionally in buccal cavity for extended period of time forimprovement in bioavailability, to reduce dosing frequency and to improve the patient compliance. The effect of twoindependent variables, Guar gum (X1) and Sodium alginate (X2) at three different levels (-1, 0, +1) on dependent variableincluding %CDR (Y1), Mucoadhesive strength (Y2) and Swlleng strength (Y3). Using 3 full factorial design. The novel tabletwere evaluated in term ofdrug uniformity content , weight variation, thickness, hardness, swelling index, surface pH,mucoadhesion strength and in-vitro drug release.Keywords: Valsartan, Buccal tablet, Guar gum, Sodium alginate.

The burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues to rise and constitute a realthreat, especially in the developing world. Change in lifestyle is important to control and slow down the progress of MetS. Thisstudy was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational lifestyle modification on controlling type 2 diabetic patientswith MetS. A total of 107 type 2 diabetic patients having MetS were randomly assigned into two groups, intervention and usualcare groups. The intervention group received clinical pharmacist education about type 2 diabetes, and risk factors of it,prescription medication and necessary lifestyle changes, while the usual care group has received the usual medical services. Theprimary outcome measure was glycemic control (HbA1c), and the secondary measures included FBS (fasting blood sugar),waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and complete lipid profile. Medication adherence was assessed usingMorisky scale while summary of diabetes self-care activity scale (SDSCA) was used to assess the lifestyle modification. Allmeasures were collected at baseline and after 3- month follow-up. Compared with baseline values, patients in the interventiongroup had a significant reduction of HbA1c value while significant elevation of it in the usual care group. Comparing to theusual care group, the intervention group had significant improvements in the secondary outcome measures of FBS, waistcircumference, BMI, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, VLDL, total cholesterol and atherogenic index. Clinicalpharmacist Intervention had positive effect on Morisky scale and SDSCA in the intervention patients. Lifestyle interventionwhich included change in diet, exercise, and education showed significant benefit in reduction of HbA1c level and a number ofrisk factors related to MetS.

Cefadroxil, a first‐generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is used to treat urinary tract infections, skin and skin structureinfections, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Like all beta‐lactam antibiotics, cefadroxil binds to specific penicillin‐binding proteins(PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wallsynthesis.This article examine published analytical techniques that are reported so far for determination of cefadroxil in bulkand pharmaceutical formulation. They include various techniques likes spectroscopics first order, second order, colorimetry,high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, FT-IR.Keywords: Cefadroxil, Analytical methods.

Orally Fast dissolving film (OFDF) is a dosage form which placed in the oral cavity, quickly gets hydrated, sticks onto the site of application and then disintegrates to release the drug. Agomelatine is an antidepressant also used for mood disorders such as anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder. Fast dissolving films of Agomelatine were prepared by solvent casting technique. HPMC E-15 was selected as polymer because of its good water solubility. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30(PVP K-30) as super disintegrant and polyvinyl alcohol as film forming agent. Mannitol as sweetner and saliva stimulating agent used in the formulation. The compatibility of the drug in the formulation was confirmed by FTIR studies. A various concentration of polymers was used in order to optimize API concentration of the new dosage form. The orally fast dissolving film was characterized for weight, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength and dissolution using In-vitro experimentations. The effect of PVA and PVP K-30 on drug release profile and film forming properties was investigated. Estimation of drug content of films was performed and the results were satisfactory. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed higher drug release from formulation F6 batch. Keywords: Orally fast dissolving film, Agomelatine, PVP K-30, PVA, Antidepressant.