ABSTRACT

The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature withspecial focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention Floating Drug delivery system are designed toprolong the gastric residence time after oral administration, at particular site and controlling the release of drug especially usefulfor achieving controlled plasma level as well as improving bioavailability. Technological attempts have been made in the researchand development of rate controlled oral drug delivery systems to overcome physiological adversities, such as short gastricresidence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). It is known that differences in gastric physiology, such as,gastric pH, and motility exhibit both intra-as well as inter-subject variability demonstrating significant impact on gastric retentiontime and drug delivery behavior. Floating drug delivery systems have bulk density less than gastric fluids that have sufficientbuoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in stomach for longer duration of time without affecting gastric emptying rateand thereby improve the bioavailability of drugs. Floating dosage systems are one of the important technology in drug deliverysystems which offers gastro retentive behavior and useful in the Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as gastro-esophagealreflux. Floating drug delivery system improve the bioavailability of drugs by improving drug absorption, because of increasedGRT and more time spent by the dosage form at its absorption site. This review also summarizes the in vitro techniques, in vivostudies to evaluate the performance and application of floating drug delivery systems and applications of these systems. Thesesystems are useful to several problems encountered during the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form.

Keywords: Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), Gastric residence times (GRT), Gastric emptying times (GET), Bulk density,Bioavailability.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and altered metabolism ofcarbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Insulin is a protein that comes from an organ called the beta cells of islets of langerhans, whichis located in the pancreas (mid-abdomen). The main roll of insulin is to control the blood glucose levels. Insulin is normallysecreted depends upon intake of food. The people with diabetes having no enough insulin secretion from the pancreas, and in fact,in people with Type-1diabetes have no insulin secretion in beta cells, so the insulin has to be provided by an injection and from1920s onward insulin shots are the only way to provide insulin. If you have good diabetes control with multiple daily injections,but which is launched recently the most obvious reason is that a pump allows you to more precisely dose insulin. We propose aclosed loop glucose sensing and insulin delivery system which needs minimal user interference, causes minimal pain, deliversinsulin in a controlled amount and does not bruise the body. We propose to call this device ―Glucoband‖, a band which can beworn on the shoulder. It will aim to counter the growing diabetic situation in the country and worldwide. The device will have thefollowing features: The pump itself (including controls, processing module, and batteries); A disposable reservoir for insulin(inside the pump); Disposable infusion set, including a cannula for subcutaneous insertion (under the skin) and a tubing system tointerface the insulin reservoir to the cannula.

Keywords: Diabetes, Micro needle, Cannula, Glucose Sensor, Micro pump, Insulin delivery.

ABSTRACT

The aim of present work deals with formulation and characterization of atenolol fast dissolving films. Atenolol is a β –selective adrenergic antagonist used as antihypertensive agen. Films were formulated using film forming polymer likeHydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC E5)(F1 – F8) and tween 80 is added to the formulation from F5 – F8 by solvent castingtechnique with the help of Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) as a plasticizer and glycerine as a sweetening agent. FT-IR analysis wasperformed to study the interaction between the drug and polymer .The films were evaluated for weight variation, surface pH ,folding endurance , drug content , dissolving time , disintegration time, in-vitro dissolution studies. Based on the evaluationparameters F4 containing Drug: Polymer (1:4) ratio showed optimum performance and marked increase in releasing of drug92.34%, though F8 formulation has maxmimum drug release as it has less tensile strength. It can be concluded in the study thatmouth dissolving film can be potential novel drug dosage form for poorly water soluble drugs.

Keywords: Atenolol, HPMC E5, Tween 80, FT-IR.

ABSTRACT

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness(i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenicbiological agents in an individual host organism. In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even theirentire course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a disease in hosts who secondarily become illafter contact with an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do notcause illness in a host. This review focused on infectious pathogens includes some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellularparasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are the cause of disease epidemics, in the sense that without thepathogen, no infectious epidemic occurs.

Key Words: Infectious diseases, Communicable diseases, Epidemics.

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition is the condition that results from taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess(too high an intake), or in the wrong proportions. A number of different nutrition disorders may arise, depending on whichnutrients are under or overabundant in the diet. In most of the world, malnutrition is present in the form of undernutrition, which iscaused by a diet lacking adequate calories and protein. While malnutrition is more common in developing countries, it is alsopresent in industrialized countries. In wealthier nations it is more likely to be caused by unhealthy diets with excess energy, fats,and refined carbohydrates. A growing trend of obesity is now a major public health concern in lower socio-economic levels and indeveloping countries as well.

Key words: Malnutrition, Clinical signs, Mortality.

ABSTRACT

A medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. This mightinclude an inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis or treatment of a disease, injury, syndrome, behavior, infection, or other ailment. Asa general acceptance, a medical error occurs when a health-care provider chose an inappropriate method of care or the healthprovider chose the right solution of care but executed it incorrectly. Medical errors are often described as human errors inhealthcare. However, medical error definitions are subject to debate, as there are many types of medical error from minor to major,and causality is often poorly determined.

Keywords: Medical errors, medication adherence, Polypharmacy.